Enzymatic Transesterification/Esterification Processes Employing Lipases Immobilized on Hydrophobic Resins in the Presence of Water Solutions

ABSTRACT

Disclosed are an enzymatic batchwise or continuous process for the production of fatty acid alkyl esters for use in the biofuels, food and detergent industries and a system therefor. The process utilizes enzymes immobilized on a hydrophobic resin mixed with a fatty acid source and an alcohol or alcohol donor in the presence of an alkaline or mild alkaline aqueous buffer, or in the presence of water or aqueous solution. The production process for fatty acid alkyl esters is carried out by transesterification or esterification simultaneously or sequentially. The biocatalyst activity is maintained with no significant activity losses in multiple uses and also avoids the accumulation of glycerol and water by-products or other hydrophilic compounds on the biocatalyst.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Continuation-in-part application of InternationalApplication No. PCT/IL2011/000121 filed on Feb. 2, 2011, which claimsbenefit under 35 U.S.C. 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application No.61/309,122 filed on Mar. 1, 2010; and is a Continuation-in-partapplication of International Application No. PCT/IL2011/000699 filed onAug. 31, 2011, the contents of which are herein incorporated byreference in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

Disclosed is an enzymatic process for the production of fatty acid alkylesters for use in the biofuels, food and detergent industries. In thisprocess a fatty acid source and an alcohol or alcohol donor are reactedin the presence of enzymes immobilized on a hydrophobic resin, in thepresence of an alkaline aqueous buffer or water. The disclosed processcan be operated either batchwise or continuously using a continuousstirred-tank or packed-bed column reactors.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Immobilization of enzymes has been described by a vast number oftechniques basically aiming at reducing the cost contribution of enzymesin the overall enzymatic process; facilitating recovery of enzymes fromthe products; and enabling continuous operation of the process.

Immobilization techniques are in general divided according to thefollowing:

-   1. Physical adsorption of enzymes to solid supports, such as silica    and insoluble polymers.-   2. Adsorption on ion-exchange resins.-   3. Covalent binding of enzymes to a solid support material, such as    epoxidated inorganic or polymeric supports.-   4. Entrapment of enzymes in a growing polymer.-   5. Confinement of enzymes in a membrane reactor or in semi-permeable    gels.-   6. Cross-linking enzyme crystals (CLECS's) or aggregates (CLEAS's).

All the aforementioned enzyme immobilization procedures are comprised ofthe following steps:

-   1. Dissolving the enzyme in an appropriate buffer system with    respect to pH, temperature, type of buffer salts and ionic strength.-   2. Adding the solid support into the enzyme solution and mixing for    some time till enzyme molecules are immobilized on the solid    support.-   3. Filtering off the solid support which contains the immobilized    enzyme.-   4. Washing the support with an appropriate buffer to remove loosely    bound enzyme molecules and then drying the solid support.

Interfacial enzymes, mostly lipases, have been immobilized following theaforementioned techniques. These offered immobilized enzyme preparationspossessing low synthetic activity and/or short operational half-lifetime. In an attempt to increase the synthetic activity and stability ofimmobilized lipases and other interfacial enzymes different activationmethods have been applied. These methods include:

-   1. Binding the surface functional groups of enzymes with hydrophobic    residues such as fatty acids or polyethylene glycol.-   2. Coating the surface of enzymes with surfactants, such as polyol    fatty acid esters.-   3. Contacting enzymes with hydrophobic supports, typically    polypropylene, which have been pretreated with hydrophilic solvents,    such as ethanol or iso-propanol.

None of the above mentioned methods yielded satisfactory results withrespect to stabilization and cost-effectiveness of immobilizedinterfacial enzymes, in order to carry out enzymatic reverse conversionsat industrial quantities. Also, it has been reported that most enzymes,when immobilized according to the aforementioned procedures, either losea significant portion of their synthetic activity or they do not exhibittheir full activity performance due to certain constraints imposed bythe immobilization procedure, or because of the presence of certainenzyme inhibitors in the reaction medium.

Another major drawback of lipases and phospholipases is their lowtolerance towards hydrophilic substrates, in particular short-chainalcohols and short-chain fatty acids (below C4). It has been observed inmany research studies that short-chain alcohols and short-chain fattyacids, such as methanol and acetic acid, respectively, are responsiblefor detaching essential water molecules from the quaternary structure ofthose enzymes, leading to their denaturation and consequently loss oftheir catalytic activity. This drawback has prohibited the applicationof lipases for production of commercial quantities of fatty acids methylesters “biodiesel” using oil triglycerides and methanol as substrates.

An additional drawback of using immobilized lipases fortransesterification/esterification of a fatty acid source with a freealcohol is the accumulation of the formed glycerol and water by-productson the biocatalyst and therefore prohibiting the substrates from freeaccess to the active site of the immobilized enzyme. Such biocatalystsgenerally lose their catalytic performance after a few cycles when thesame batch of biocatalyst is used.

The present inventors have developed special immobilized enzymepreparations, exhibiting good stability over many production cycles,persisting activity. Examples of such enzyme preparations are disclosed,inter alia, in WO/2008/084470, WO/2008/139455 and WO2009/069116.

Conditions under which the catalytic reaction is carried out, mayadversely affect the stability and efficiency of immobilized enzymepreparations. It is important to have enzyme preparations which retainstability and activity under the reaction conditions.

These and other objects of the invention will become apparent as thedescription proceeds.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a process for thetransesterification/esterification of a fatty acid source with analcohol, to form fatty acid alkyl esters, comprising reacting a fattyacid source and an alcohol or an alcohol donor in the presence of animmobilized lipase preparation, wherein the immobilized lipasepreparation comprises at least one lipase immobilized on a hydrophobicporous support and the reaction medium contains an aqueous alkalinebuffer solution.

In all aspects of this embodiment, the said aqueous alkaline buffersolution may be a mild aqueous alkaline buffer solution. The saidaqueous alkaline buffer solution may be contained in the reactionmixture at a quantity of up to 99% wt. of the fatty acid source, forexample, up to 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 12%,10%, 8%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, and 1%. Alternatively, the said aqueousalkaline buffer solution may be contained in the reaction mixture at aquantity of more than 1% wt. of the fatty acid source, more than 2%, 3%,4%, 5%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%,90%, and up to 99%. The aqueous buffer solution may have a pH from 7 toabout 11, for example any one of 7-8.5, 7-9, 7-9.5, 7-10 and 7-11. Inthe process of the invention, the pKa of the supplemented mild alkalinereagent comprising of the buffer solution may be higher than or equal tothe pKa of free acids present in the fatty acid source.

In another embodiment the invention relates to a process for thetransesterification/esterification of a fatty acid source with analcohol, to form fatty acid alkyl esters, comprising reacting a fattyacid source and an alcohol in the presence of an immobilized lipasepreparation, wherein the immobilized lipase preparation comprises atleast one lipase immobilized on a hydrophobic porous support and thereaction medium contains water. The water is in the form of distilledwater or water containing various dissolved salts, with a pH of from 3to 11. In all aspects of this embodiment, the reaction medium maycontain the water or water solution at a quantity of up to 99% wt. ofthe fatty acid source, for example, up to 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%,30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 12%, 10%, 8%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, and 1%. Alternatively,the water or water solution may be contained in the reaction mixture ata quantity of more than 1% wt, of the fatty acid source, more than 2%,3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%,80%, 90%, and up to 99%.

In all embodiments and aspects of the invention, the alcohol may be ashort-chain alcohol, for example C1-C6 alkyl alcohol, more specificallyC1-C4 alkyl alcohol, particularly methanol or ethanol. Where saidalcohol is methanol said resulting fatty acid esters are fatty acidmethyl esters (FAME—Biodiesel). The alcohol may also be a medium-chainfatty alcohol (C6-C10) or long-chain fatty alcohols (C12-C22). Thealcohol donor may be a mono-alkyl ester or a di-alkyl carbonate, such asdi-methyl carbonate or diethyl carbonate.

In all embodiments and aspects of the invention, said immobilized lipaseis capable of catalyzing the esterification of free fatty acids to yieldfatty acid alkyl esters and water as by-product, and thetransesterification of triglycerides, partial glycerides, wax esters,and phospholipids to yield fatty acid alkyl esters and glycerol, andlong-chain fatty alcohols and glycerophospholipids as by-products,respectively.

In all embodiments and aspects of the invention related to the use of analkaline buffer or alkaline solution, the amount of said alkaline bufferor solution in the reaction medium is more than 0.001% wt. of the fattyacid source.

In all embodiments and aspects of the invention, said at least onelipase may be a lipase derived from any one Rhizomucor miehei,Pseudomonas sp., Rhizopus niveus, Mucor javanicus, Rhizopus oryzae,Aspergillus niger, Penicillium camembertii, Alcaligenes sp.,Acromobacter sp., Burkholderia sp., Thermomyces lanuginosus,Chromobacterium viscosum, Candida antarctica B, Candida rugosa, Candidaantarctica A, papaya seeds and pancreatin. The lipase preparation maycomprise at least two lipases which may be each separately immobilizedon a hydrophobic support or co-immobilized on the same hydrophobicsupport. The said lipases are capable of simultaneously or consecutivelycatalyzing the esterification of free fatty acids to yield fatty acidalkyl esters and water as by-product, and the transesterification oftriglycerides and partial glycerides to yield fatty acid alkyl estersand glycerol as by-product, and/or transesterification of phospholipidsto yield fatty acid alkyl esters and lysophospholipids andglycerophospholipids as by-products.

In all embodiments and aspects of the invention, said support may be anyone of hydrophobic aliphatic polymer-based support and hydrophobicaromatic polymer-based support. The said hydrophobic polymer support maybe comprised of linear or branched organic chains. The said support maycomprise macroreticular organic polymer or co-polymer chains. The saidsupport may be porous or non-porous inorganic support, which may behydrophobic or is coated with hydrophobic organic material. The saidorganic material may be a linear, branched, or functionalizedhydrophobic organic chain.

In all embodiments and aspects of the invention where an alkaline buffersolution is used, said aqueous alkaline buffer solution may be asolution of an inorganic alkaline salt or an organic base. The saidalkaline buffer solution may be a solution of any one of an alkalinemetal hydroxide, carbonate, bicarbonate, phosphate, sulfate, acetate andcitrate, fatty acid salts, a primary, secondary and tertiary amine, andany mixture thereof. In specific embodiments, the said alkaline buffersolution may be a solution of a weak base selected from sodium orpotassium bicarbonates and carbonates. In some specific embodiments ofthe process of the invention, the said alkaline buffer solution may beadded to said fatty acid source in a pre-mixing stage or directly to thereaction medium.

In all embodiments and aspects of the invention where an alkaline buffersolution is used, the content of said alkaline buffer solution in thetransesterification/esterification reaction medium may be in an amountof more than 0.001% wt. of the oil feedstock, for example 1-30% wt.,1-20% wt., 1-10% wt., 1-5% wt. or 1-2% wt. of the oil feedstock, oramounts of more than 5% wt. of the oil feedstock, for example more than6%, 7%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% wt. of the oilfeedstock.

In some embodiments of the invention, the fatty acid source may be firstmixed with the alkaline buffer solution or with the water or watersolution, and the mixture may be then treated with said immobilizedlipase preparation, followed by adding said alcohol and allowing thereaction to proceed under suitable conditions until said fatty acidsource is converted to fatty acid esters.

In all embodiments and aspects of the invention said fatty acid sourcemay be any one of plant oil, animal fat, algae oil, fish oil, waste oiland any mixtures thereof. The said fatty acid source may comprise freefatty acids, mono-, di- or tri-glycerides, their mixtures at any ratio,in the absence or presence of other minor fatty acid derivatives such asphospholipids, wax esters and sterol esters. The fatty acid source maybe unrefined, refined, bleached, deodorized or any of theircombinations.

In all embodiments and aspects of the invention, the reaction may becarried out at a temperature between 10° C. and 100° C., specificallybetween 25-30° C.

In all embodiments and aspects of the invention, the said fatty acidsource may be pre-mixed with said alcohol or alcohol donor and with saidwater or buffer solution in a pre-reaction preparation vessel to form anemulsion which may then be fed together with said immobilized lipasepreparation into a transesterification/esterification reaction vessel.

In all embodiments and aspects of the invention, said immobilized lipasemay be used in packed-bed column reactors operating in batch orcontinuous modes.

According to another aspect of the invention there is provided a systemfor the transesterification/esterification of a fatty acid with analcohol, to form fatty acid alkyl esters, comprising:

-   -   a reaction vessel configured for reacting a reaction medium        including a fatty acid and at least one of an alcohol and an        alcohol donor in the presence of an immobilized lipase        preparation, wherein the immobilized lipase preparation        comprises at least one lipase immobilized on a hydrophobic        porous support and the reaction medium contains at least one of        an aqueous alkaline buffer solution and water.

The system may comprise one or more of the following features, in anydesired combination or permutation:

-   A. The reaction vessel can comprise the immobilized lipase    preparation, at least during operation of said system for the    production of said fatty acid alkyl esters.-   B. Additionally or alternatively to feature A, the reaction vessel    can comprise the fatty acid and the at least one of an alcohol and    an alcohol donor, at least during operation of said system for the    production of said fatty acid alkyl esters.-   C. Additionally or alternatively to features A or B, said reaction    medium comprises a mixture, said system further comprising a    pre-reaction vessel in selective fluid communication with said    reaction vessel, said pre-reaction vessel being configured for    premixing at least the fatty acid and the at least one of an alcohol    and an alcohol donor to form said mixture, and for selectively    delivering said mixture to said reaction vessel at least during    operation of said system for the production of said fatty acid alkyl    esters. The system can optionally further comprise a fatty acid    source in selective fluid communication with said pre-reaction    vessel and configured for selectively delivering the fatty acid to    said pre-reaction vessel at least during said operation of said    system, and an alcohol source in selective fluid communication with    said pre-reaction vessel and configured for selectively delivering    the at least one of an alcohol and an alcohol donor to said    pre-reaction vessel at least during said operation of said system.    The system can optionally further comprise a buffer source in    selective fluid communication with said pre-reaction vessel and    configured for selectively delivering the at least one of an aqueous    alkaline buffer solution and water to said pre-reaction vessel to be    included in said mixture at least during said operation of said    system.-   D. Additionally or alternatively to features A to C, the system can    be configured for selectively delivering one or more of the fatty    acid and/or the at least one of an alcohol and an alcohol donor    and/or the at least one of an aqueous alkaline buffer solution and    water to said pre-reaction vessel each in either a continuous manner    or in discrete batches, at least during said operation of said    system.-   E. Additionally or alternatively to features A to D, the    pre-reaction vessel can be configured for selectively delivering    said mixture to said reaction vessel in a continuous manner and/or    in discrete batches at least during said operation of said system.-   F. Additionally or alternatively to features A to E, the system can    be configured for selectively and directly delivering to said    reaction vessel at least one of the fatty acid; the at least one of    an alcohol and an alcohol donor; and the at least one of an aqueous    alkaline buffer solution and water.-   G. Additionally or alternatively to features A to F, the reaction    vessel can comprise a thermal regulation system configured for    maintain the reaction medium in said reaction vessel within a    selected temperature range.-   H. Additionally or alternatively to features A to G, the system can    optionally further comprise a retaining arrangement configured for    retaining the immobilized lipase preparation within said reaction    vessel at least during operation of said system.-   I. Additionally or alternatively to features A to H, the system    further comprises a product separation vessel in selective fluid    communication with said reaction vessel, said system being    configured for selectively delivering a reaction mixture including    reaction products from said reaction vessel to said product    separation vessel, and wherein said product separation vessel is    configured for selectively separating a yield of the fatty acid    alkyl esters from the reaction mixture delivered thereto. For    example, the product separation vessel can be one of a centrifuge    and gravity separation system.-   J. Additionally or alternatively to features A to I, the reaction    vessel is configured for selectively delivering said reaction    mixture to said product separation vessel in a continuous manner    and/or in discrete batches at least during said operation of said    system.-   K. Additionally or alternatively to features I to J, the system is    configured for selectively delivering said yield of fatty acid alkyl    esters from said product separation vessel. For example, the system    is configured for selectively delivering said yield of fatty acid    alkyl esters from said product separation vessel in a continuous    manner and/or in discrete batches.-   L. Additionally or alternatively to features A to K, the system is    configured for increasing said yield of the fatty acid alkyl esters    from the reaction mixture delivered to said product separation    vessel. In one configuration of the system having this feature, the    system is configured for selectively rerouting said yield of the    fatty acid alkyl esters to said reaction vessel to further increase    said yield of the fatty acid alkyl esters from the reaction mixture    subsequently delivered to said product separation vessel. In another    configuration of the system having this feature, the system is    configured for selectively rerouting said yield of the fatty acid    alkyl esters to an auxiliary reactor module, wherein said auxiliary    reactor module comprises an auxiliary reactor vessel and an    auxiliary product separation vessel, wherein said further increased    yield of the fatty acid alkyl esters is selectively subsequently    delivered via said auxiliary product separation vessel.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

In order to understand the invention and to see how it may be carriedout in practice, embodiments will now be described, by way ofnon-limiting example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings,in which:

FIG. 1: The transesterification activity of lipase Thermomyceslanuginosus (TL) immobilized on Amberlite XAD 1600 (Amb. XAD 1600) as ahydrophobic resin and on Duolite D568 (Duo D568) as a hydrophilic resin,and lipase Pseudomonas sp. (PS) immobilized on Sepabeads SP70 (SB SP70)as a hydrophobic resin and on porous silica (Sil.) as a hydrophilicresin.

Abbreviations: Conv.—conversion; Cyc.—Cycle

FIG. 2: The conversion of soybean oil to biodiesel and glycerol after 6hours of reaction at different levels of sodium bicarbonate solution of0.1M using the same batch of biocatalyst in multiple batch experiments.Biocatalyst was lipase derived from Thermomyces lanuginosus immobilizedon a hydrophobic and porous polystyrene-divinylbenzene-based resin.

Abbreviations: Conv.—conversion; Cyc.—cycle

FIG. 3: The conversion of soybean oil to biodiesel and glycerol after 6hours of reaction at different levels of sodium bicarbonate solution of0.1M using the same batch of biocatalyst in multiple batch experiments.Biocatalyst was lipase derived from Pseudomonas sp. immobilized on ahydrophobic and porous polystyrene-divinylbenzene-based resin.

-   Abbreviations: Conv.—conversion; Cyc.—cycle

FIG. 4: The conversion of soybean oil to biodiesel and glycerol after 6hours of reaction without water and at different levels of water usingthe same batch of biocatalyst in multiple batch experiments. Biocatalystwas lipase derived from Thermomyces lanuginosus immobilized on ahydrophobic and porous polystyrene-divinylbenzene-based resin.

Abbreviations: Conv.—conversion; Cyc.—cycle; DW—distilled water

FIG. 5: The conversion of soybean oil to biodiesel and glycerol after 6hours of reaction at different levels of water using the same batch ofbiocatalyst in multiple batch experiments. Biocatalyst was lipasederived from Pseudomonas sp. immobilized on a hydrophobic and porouspolystyrene-divinylbenzene-based resin.

-   Abbreviations: Conv.—conversion; Cyc.—cycle; DW—distilled water

FIG. 6: The conversion of a mixture of FFA's and soybean oil tobiodiesel, and glycerol and water by-products after 4 hours ofesterification/transesterification at different levels of sodiumbicarbonate solution of 0.1M using the same batch of biocatalyst inmultiple batch experiments. Biocatalyst was lipase derived fromPseudomonas sp. immobilized on a hydrophobic and porouspolystyrene-divinylbenzene-based resin.

-   Abbreviations: Conv.—conversion; Cyc.—cycle; DW—distilled water

FIG. 7: The esterification of soybean oil hydrolysate to biodiesel andwater after 4 hours of reaction in the presence of 2% sodium bicarbonatesolution of 0.1M using the same batch of biocatalyst in multiple batchexperiments. Biocatalyst was lipase derived from Pseudomonas sp.immobilized on a hydrophobic and porous polystyrene-divinylbenzene-basedresin.

-   Abbreviations: Ac. Val.—acid value; Cyc.—cycle

FIG. 8: The transesterification of fish oil with ethanol after 6 hoursof reaction in the presence of 1% wt. of sodium bicarbonate solution of0.1M using the same batch of biocatalyst in multiple batch experiments.The biocatalysts were lipases derived from Thermomyces lanuginosus (TLLip.) and Pseudomonas sp. (PS Lip.) immobilized on Amberlite XAD 1600.

-   Abbreviations: Conv.—conversion; Cyc.—cycle

FIG. 9: The transesterification of Tallow fat with ethanol after 6 hoursof reaction in the presence of 2% wt. of sodium bicarbonate solution of0.1M using the same batch of biocatalyst in multiple batch experiments.The biocatalysts were Thermomyces lanuginosus, Pseudomonas sp. lipases(PS Lip.; TL Lip.) immobilized on Amberlite XAD 1600.

Abbreviations: Conv.—conversion; Cyc.—cycle

FIG. 10: The treatment of the transesterification/esterificationreaction medium obtained after 4 hours containing FFA value of 7 mgKOH/1 g using Pseudomonas sp. or Thermomyces lanuginosus immobilized onhydrophobic porous resins with Candida Antarctica immobilized on ahydrophobic porous resin.

-   Abbreviations: Ac. Val.—acid value; Cyc.—cycle

FIG. 11: The transesterification activity of lipase derived fromAlcaligenes sp. (AL) immobilized on divinylbenzene/polystyrene (DVB-PS)as a hydrophobic resin, on a weak anion exchange hydrophilic resin(Res.), and on porous silica granulated (Sil) as a hydrophilic resin.

-   Abbreviations: Conv.—conversion; Cyc.—cycle

FIG. 12: The transesterification activity of Thermomyces lanuginosus(TL) lipase immobilized on divinylbenzene/polystyrene (DVB-PS) as ahydrophobic resin, on a weak anion exchange hydrophilic resin (Res.),and on porous silica granulated (Sil) as a hydrophilic resin.

-   Abbreviations: Conv.—conversion; Cyc.—cycle

FIG. 13: The transesterification activity of Pseudomonas sp. (PS) lipaseimmobilized on divinylbenzene/polystyrene (DVB-PS) as a hydrophobicresin, on a weak anion exchange hydrophilic resin (Res), and on poroussilica granulated (Sil) as a hydrophilic resin.

-   Abbreviations: Conv.—conversion; Cyc.—cycle

FIG. 14: The conversion of soybean oil to fatty acid methyl esters andglycerol after 6 hours of reaction using the same batch of biocatalyst(Thermomyces lanuginosus (TL) immobilized on a DVB-PS support) inmultiple batch experiments, at different concentrations of sodiumbicarbonate solution of 0.1M. Methanol was added to the reaction mixturein one step on molar basis ratio of 1:3 between oil and methanol.

-   Abbreviations: Conv.—conversion; Cyc.—cycle; Sol.—solution

FIG. 15: The conversion of soybean oil to biodiesel and glycerol after 6hours of reaction using the same batch of biocatalyst (Pseudomonas sp.(SP) immobilized on a DVB-PS support) in multiple batch experiments atdifferent concentrations of sodium bicarbonate solution of 0.1M.Methanol was added to the reaction mixture in one step on molar basisratio of 1:3 between oil and methanol.

-   Abbreviations: Conv.—conversion; Cyc.—cycle; Sol.—solution

FIG. 16: The conversion of soybean oil to biodiesel and glycerol after 6hours of reaction using the same batch of (Thermomyces lanuginosus (TL)immobilized on a DVB-PS support) in multiple batch experiments atdifferent concentrations of distilled water in the reaction mixture.Methanol was added to the reaction mixture in one step on molar basisratio of 1:3 between oil and methanol.

-   Abbreviations: Conv.—conversion; Cyc.—cycle; Wat.—water

FIG. 17: The conversion of oleic acid to biodiesel and water after 6hours of reaction using the same batch of biocatalyst (Thermomyceslanuginosus (TL) immobilized on a DVB-PS support) in multiple batchexperiments at different concentrations of sodium bicarbonate solutionof 0.1M Methanol was added to the reaction mixture in one step on molarbasis ratio of 1:3 between oil and methanol.

-   Abbreviations: Conv.—conversion; Cyc.—cycle; Sol.—solution

FIG. 18: The conversion of different mixtures of oleic acid and soybeanoil triglycerides to biodiesel, glycerol and water after 6 hours ofreaction using the same batch of biocatalyst (Thermomyces lanuginosus(TL) immobilized on a DVB-PS support) in multiple batch experiments inthe presence of 8% wt. of sodium bicarbonate solution of 0.1M. Methanolwas added to the reaction mixture in one step on molar basis ratio of1:3 between oil and methanol.

-   Abbreviations: Conv.—conversion; Cyc.—cycle; Ol. Ac.—Oleic Acid

FIG. 19: The conversion of crude oils containing phospholipids tobiodiesel and glycerol after 6 hours of reaction using the same batch ofbiocatalyst (Thermomyces lanuginosus (TL) immobilized on a DVB-PSsupport) in multiple batch experiments in the presence of 8% wt. ofsodium bicarbonate solution of 0.1M Methanol was added to the reactionmixture in one step on basis of molar ratio of 1:3 between oil andmethanol.

Abbreviations: Conv.—conversion; Cyc.—cycle; RSBO—refined soybean oil;CSBO—Crude soybean oil; RSBO—refined soybean oil; PL—phospholipids;O.—oil;

FIG. 20: The conversion of soybean oil to biodiesel and glycerol after 6hours of reaction using the same batch of (Thermomyces lanuginosus (TL)immobilized on a DVB-PS support) in multiple batch experiments atdifferent pH values for sodium bicarbonate solution of 0.1M. The bufferconcentration in the reaction medium was 8% wt. of the oil. Methanol wasadded to the reaction mixture in one step on basis of a molar ratio of1:3 between oil and methanol.

-   Abbreviations: Conv.—conversion; Cyc.—cycle

FIG. 21: The conversion of soybean oil to biodiesel and glycerol after 6hours of reaction using the same batch of biocatalyst (Thermomyceslanuginosus (TL) immobilized on a DVB-PS support) in multiple batchexperiments at different pH values for sodium acetate solution of 0.1M.The buffer concentration in the reaction medium was 8% wt. of oil.Methanol was added in to the reaction mixture in one step on basis of amolar ratio of 1:3 between oil and methanol.

Abbreviations: Conv.—conversion; Cyc.—cycle; Acet.—acetate

FIG. 22: illustrates schematically a first embodiment of a system forthe production of fatty acid alkyl esters according to an aspect of theinvention.

FIG. 23 illustrates schematically a second embodiment of a system forthe production of fatty acid alkyl esters according to an aspect of theinvention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In search for improvement of enzymatically catalyzed industrialprocesses, particularly processes for transesterification/esterificationof a fatty acid source with an alcohol in the presence of immobilizedlipase/s, the present inventors has developed specific conditions underwhich the stability of the immobilized lipase/s is preserved over scoresof production cycles.

In an embodiment of the invention, the invention relates to a processfor the preparation of alkyl esters of fatty acids, specificallyshort-chain alkyl esters of fatty acids, such as fatty acid methyl andethyl esters (biodiesel) in a solvent-free alkaline microaqueous system.In specific embodiments, the alkaline microaqueous system is a mildalkaline microaqueous system. The process comprises providing a fattyacid source and reacting it with a free alcohol or an alcohol donor, inthe presence of an immobilized lipase preparation, under said alkalineor mild alkaline conditions. Without being bound by theory, pretreatmentof the fatty acid source with an alkaline buffer solution would resultin neutralizing acids that might have an inhibitory effect on theenzyme. The quantity of alcohol required to complete the reaction up to100% conversion may be added stepwise or in a one batch. Further, thealcohol may be short-chain alcohol, for example methanol or ethanol.Other alcohol donors may be used in the reaction with the fatty acidsource in the presence of a hydrolase and allowing the reaction toproceed under suitable conditions, until said fatty acid source isconverted to fatty acid alkyl esters, specifically, fatty acid methylesters (FAME) or fatty acid ethyl esters, wherein said hydrolasepreparation comprises one or more lipases, separately or jointlyimmobilized on a suitable macroreticular porous hydrophobicpolymer-based support.

In an additional embodiment, the transesterification/esterificationreaction between the fatty acid source and the alcohol or alcohol donoris carried out in an aqueous microenvironment, with the addition ofwater to the reaction mixture. In specific embodiments, water may beadded at an amount higher than 0.0001% wt. (on basis of the fatty acidsource). By water as used here is meant pure or distilled water, andalso “water solutions” (also referred to as aqueous solutions), whichmay be, but are not limited to, tap water, sea water or water from anyother natural water resource or reservoir, desalinated water, chemicallyor enzymatically purified or treated water, and any other aqueoussolutions, for example dissolved salts solutions. The pH of the reactionsystem or of the water solution may vary, and may be, for example, about3-11, for example 4-10, 5-10, 5-9, 6-10, 6-9, or 7-9.

The process of the invention may be carried out while continuouslyremoving the formed glycerol and any excess water from the reactionmixture. The conversion of the fatty acid acyl groups or free fattyacids comprised in said fatty acid source to fatty acid alkyl,specifically methyl esters may be monitored at various time pointsduring the reaction. The reaction medium may be removed by suitablemeans at any desired time point during the reaction, thereby stoppingthe reaction, and the formed fatty acid methyl esters and optionally theformed glycerol are isolated from the reaction medium. The reaction maybe specifically stopped when the conversion of the fatty acid acylgroups or free fatty acids comprised in said fatty acid source to fattyacid methyl esters has reached at least 70%, for example at least 85%,or at least 90%.

The reaction system may be similar to that described in co-pendingWO2009/069116. For example, the production system may use a stirred tankreactor with a bottom sintered glass or stainless steel filter whichretains the biocatalyst in the reactor, however allows the reactionmedium to permeate through out of the reactor. Such reactorconfiguration allows by-products, specifically glycerol and water, whichare self-desorbed from the immobilized enzyme, to sink to the bottom ofthe reactor, and permeate out through the filter. The result iscontinuous removal of the desorbed formed glycerol and also of excesswater, out of the reaction medium, leading to shift of the reactingtowards synthesis, thereby reaching conversions above 98%. Thebiocatalyst used in this reactor may be comprised of a single ormulti-types of lipases, in consideration of their positional specificityas well as their origin, as described herein. Alternative, twoconsecutive stirred tank reactors with a bottom filter may be used. Asettling tank or centrifuge may be used between the two reactors. Thefirst reactor may contain an immobilized biocatalyst comprised of asingle or multi-types of lipases. The role of the settling tank orcentrifuge between both reactors is to remove the formed glycerol andexcess water from the reaction medium, leading to an increase in theconversion of the raw materials to their corresponding fatty acid alkylesters to above 98% in the second reactor at reasonable reaction time.Some specific reaction systems and methods are described below.

The terms “reaction mixture”, “reaction system” and “reaction medium”may be used herein synonymously.

The use of lipases immobilized on hydrophobic resins in the presence ofalkaline buffer solution or water, as in embodiments of the process ofthe invention, ensures high stability of the enzyme and also avoidanceof the accumulation of hydrophilic substances, such as water and theformed glycerol by-product, on the biocatalyst. In all aspects andembodiments of the process of the invention in which alkaline or mildalkaline buffer is used, it may be used in more than 0.001% alkaline ormild alkaline buffer solution, for example, but not limited to 0.01-5%,0.05-5%, 0.1-5%, 0.5-5%, 0.01-50%, 0.05-50%, 0.1-50%, 0.5-50%, 1-50%,1-45%, 1-40%, 1-35%, 1-30%, 1-25%, 1-20%, 1-15%, 1-10%, 1-8%, such asbut not limited to more than 0.001%, 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 0.75%,1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, 4%, 4.5%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 15%,20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 60%, or 70%. Levels of the alkalineor mild alkaline buffer solution may be up to 99% wt. In all aspects andembodiments of the invention where water or water solution are used, thewater or water solution is used at levels of, but not limited to, morethan 0.0001%, for example 0.0001-50%, 0.001-50%, 0.1-50%, 0.0001-30%,0.001-30%, 0.1-30%, 0.0001-20%, 0.001-20%, 0.1-20%, such as but notlimited to 0.001-5%, 0.01-5%, 0.05-5%, 0.1-5%, 0.5-5%, such as more than0.0001%, 0.001%, 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%,3%, 3.5%, 4%, 4.5%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%,40%, 45%, 50%, or 70%. Water or water solution levels in the reactionmixture may be up to 99% wt. As mentioned, when alkaline solution isused, it may neutralize acids typically present in the fatty acid sourceor produced due to side reactions. Continuous active removal of theseby-products may further increase the efficiency of the process. Theisolated glycerol may be industrially used.

The fatty acid source used in the process of the invention may compriseat least one of soybean oil, canola oil, algae oil, rapeseed oil, oliveoil, castor oil, palm oil, sunflower oil, peanut oil, cotton seed oil,Jatropha oil, crude corn oil, fish oil, animal-derived fat, wastecooking oil, brown grease, oil triglycerides derived from inedible plantsources, partial glycerides and free fatty acids derived from those oilsor any mixture of at least two thereof, at any desired ratio.

An example for the use of crude oil as the fatty acid source ispresented in FIG. 19, where crude soybean oil was used. This figure alsoshows the use of oil containing phospholipids, at variousconcentrations, as the fatty acid source. The use of a mixture of freefatty acids with oil is illustrated, by way of example, in FIG. 18,where a mixture of oleic acid with oil, at various concentrations, andalso of oleic acid per se (100%) served as the fatty acid source.

In all processes of the invention, the fatty acid short-chain alkylesters formed by the reaction are specifically fatty acid methyl, ethyl,iso-propyl or butyl esters (biodiesel). Other medium-chain fattyalcohols (C₆-C₁₀) and long-chain fatty alcohols (C₁₂-C₂₂) might also beused in the process of production of this invention. These longeralcohols may be specifically suitable in the production of waxes, forexample for cosmetic products.

The lipases may be lipases derived from Thermomyces lanuginosus,Rhizomucor miehei, Mucor miehei, Pseudomonas sp., Rhizopus sp., Mucorjavanicus, Penicillium roqueforti, Aspergillus niger, Chromobacteriumviscosum, Acromobacter sp., Burkholderia sp., Candida antarctica A,Candida antarctica B, Candida rugosa, Alcaligenes sp., Penicilliumcamembertii, papaya seeds and pancreatin, but are not limited thereto.

The lipases may be jointly immobilized on a suitable support,specifically a hydrophobic aliphatic polymer-based support or ahydrophobic aromatic polymeric support. Each of said lipases may beimmobilized on a suitable support, wherein the supports on which thesaid lipases are immobilized are identical or different. Lipasesemployed may be regio-specific to their substrate, or random. When morethan one lipase is used, the lipases may be immobilized on the same oron different hydrophobic supports. Lipases co-immobilized on the samesupport can exhibit identical or different substrate selectivities orregio-specificities to their substrates.

Lipases may be regio-specific (or site-specific), each used alone or incombination with lipases of same or different site specificity. Whenreferring to positions sn-1, sn-2- or sn-3, these are positions on theglycerol backbone of the various glycerides. Thus, the lipases used inthe process of the invention may possess selectivity towards sn-2position higher than that of random lipases, i.e. their favourcatalyzing the reaction between the alcohol or alcohol donor with thefatty acyl group of the sn-2 position, while random lipases exhibit thesame transesterification activity for fatty acyl groups at all threepositions on the glycerol backbone. Some lipases uniquely exhibitpositional activity on sn-2 position, especially under specificconditions determined by the substrates, products, etc. Other lipasesused in the process of the invention are sn-1,3 positional specific.They may be used alone or together with a random lipase, specificallylipase that has affinity to partial glycerides, and optionally a thirdlipase with a high affinity to the sn-2 position.

The support is specifically a porous and macroreticular hydrophobicsupport, which may be organic or inorganic. Examples of supports areporous inorganic supports, such as, but not limited hydrophobizedsilica- or and alumina-based supports, and hydrophobic organic supportssuch as, but not limited to polymeric or polymer-based support. Thesupports may optionally contain active functional groups selected fromepoxy or and aldehyde groups, or ionic groups.

The insoluble support used in the processes of the invention isspecifically a porous and reticular hydrophobic aliphatic or aromaticpolymer-based support, such as Amberlite® XAD 1600 and Sepabeads® SP70both comprised of porous microreticular resin prepared fromdivinylbenzene or from a mixture of divinylbenzene and polystyrene,Amberlite® XAD 7HP comprised of microreticular aliphatic acrylicpolymer, and porous aliphatic polymer such as porous polypropylene(Accurel®).

The support may be a reticular hydrophobic polymer comprised ofdivinylbenzene, or a mixture of divinylbenzene and styrene, andreticular hydrophobic aliphatic polymer comprised of aliphatic acrylicpolymers or polyalkene, such as polypropylene. Specific supports areporous matrices, of pore size in the range of 25-1000 Å, and morespecifically in the range of 80-200 Å. The support also may be powderousor granular porous hydrophobic silica or other inorganic oxides. Thesupport also may be powderous or granular porous hydrophobicized silicaor other inorganic oxides. In specific embodiments, the surface area ofthe support resins is higher than 100 m²/g.

The amount of the alkaline or mild alkaline aqueous solution to besupplemented into the lipase catalyzedtransesterification/esterification reaction between the fatty acidsource and the alcohol is generally adjusted in accordance with theother reaction conditions, starting materials, biocatalyst, etc. Thisamount can be varied, as recited and exemplified herein. This alkalinesolution is prepared, for example, from an inorganic alkaline base orsalt or from an organic base. Inorganic bases and salts are, forexample, alkaline metal hydroxides, carbonates, bicarbonates,phosphates, sulfates, acetates and citrates. Organic bases can be, forexample, primary, secondary or tertiary amines. Mixtures of thesealkaline agents are also contemplated. In the process according to theinvention, the pH of the microenvironment of the immobilized enzyme ismaintained at alkaline or mild alkaline values. The addition ofdistilled water to the reaction system improves the performance oflipases immobilized on hydrophobic support (resins), as illustrated inFIGS. 4 and 5. As illustrated in FIG. 16, water may be added at evenhigh quantities, while the stability of the biocatalyst (immobilizedenzyme) is preserved, for example, at a water content of 30% wt., thesame batch of biocatalyst exhibited 60% conversion activity after asmany as 50 cycles. The addition of various alkaline buffers, withdifferent pH values depending on the type of base used, also resulted instabilization of lipases immobilized on hydrophobic supports (resins),as shown, for example, in FIGS. 2 and 3, and also in FIGS. 14, 15 and17, which show that high levels of aqueous alkaline solutions did notharm the activity of the biocatalyst, with, for example, about 60%conversion rates, by the same batch of biocatalyst, at 30% wt. of 0.1Msodium bicarbonate solution in the reaction system, after more than asmany as 50 cycles of the reaction. Without being bound by any theory,high concentrations of water are needed as the enzyme may preferablyfirst hydrolyzes the ester bonds in the glyceride forms andconsecutively esterify the formed free fatty acids with the supplementedalcohol. Added water also might suppress the extraction of watermolecules essential to maintain the favored enzyme catalyticconfiguration. Carbonate and bicarbonate buffers are examples of mildbases that are efficient in increasing the stability of lipasesimmobilized on hydrophobic supports. Other suitable bases are describedherein. Mild alkaline solution as used herein is generally a solutionwith a pH of from 7 to about 11, for example, 7-8.5, 7-9, 7-9.5, 7-10 or7-11. Generally, the amount of alkaline or mild alkaline aqueoussolution used is expressed by weight percents (wt. %) on basis of theamount of oil used in the reaction.

The use of lipases immobilized on porous hydrophobic polymer-basedsupports (resins) in the presence of an alkaline or mild alkalinesolution, as well as in the presence of water or water solutions asdefined herein, in the amounts recited above and also specificallyexemplified, results in stabilizing the activity of the biocatalysts inthe transesterification/esterification reactions between the fatty acidsource and the alcohol. This is shown in the following Examples.

The fatty acid source is at least one of triglycerides, partialglycerides, free fatty acids, phospholipids, esters and amides of fattyacids or a mixture comprised of at least two said sources.

The production of fatty acid alkyl esters is carried out bytransesterification or esterification, simultaneously or sequentially.Under such reaction system the biocatalyst activity is maintained withno significant activity losses in multiple uses and also avoids theaccumulation of glycerol and water by-products or other hydrophiliccompounds on the biocatalyst.

This invention provides processes employing specific immobilizedinterfacial enzymes that retain high activity and stability over manyproduction cycles. Specifically, lipases and phospholipases preparationare used, in transesterification/esterification reactions. Thesereactions may be employed in the production of food articles, cosmeticsand biofuels (“biodiesel”). Of particular interest, these enzymes may beused for the synthesis of fatty acids short-chain alkyl esters for useas “biodiesel”.

The present invention employed stable immobilized interfacial enzymes,of high tolerance towards short-chain alcohols, such as methanol,ethanol and glycerol, as well as short-chain fatty acids, such as aceticacid. The use of these enzyme preparations also prevents accumulation onthe immobilized biocatalyst of hydrophilic substances, in particularlyglycerol and water.

In an embodiment of the invention there is provided a process forsimultaneous or sequential transesterification/esterification reactionsof a fatty acid source with an alcohol using one or more types oflipases, immobilized on a hydrophobic support (resin), in the presenceof an alkaline or mild alkaline aqueous solution, for obtaining thedesired product, namely, fatty acid alkyl esters, at near to completeconversions during reasonable reaction time, typically below 5 hours. Amild alkaline solution, for example a 0.001M, 0.1M, 0.5M or 1M solutionof sodium bicarbonate, may be present in the reaction system in anamount of about 4% wt. or about 5% wt. or more than 5% wt. of the amountof oil used in the reaction, for example 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 15%, 20%,25%, 30%, 40% or 50% wt.

As shown in the following Examples, the operational life time of lipasescan also be extended by using hydrophobic resin support for lipaseimmobilization in combination with the use of an alkaline or mildalkaline buffer solution, at the various levels and ranges andsub-ranges of concentrations recited and exemplified herein, in thetransesterification/esterification reaction medium. As further shown inthe following Examples, the water content of the reaction mixture may beincreased regardless of pH value. Thus, in another embodiment, thestability of the biocatalyst increases with increasing the water contentof the reaction system by adding water, at the various levels and rangesand sub-ranges of concentrations recited and exemplified herein. Theresults show that the addition of an alkaline solution (FIGS. 2, 3, 14,15, 17) or water (FIGS. 4, 5, 16) results in maintaining the enzymeactivity and stability over many cycles of the reaction.

The alcohol or alcohol donor employed in the processes of the inventionmay be a short-chain alkyl alcohol, specifically C1-C6 alkyl alcohol,more specifically C1-C4 alkyl alcohol, and particularly methanol orethanol or the alcohol donor may be mono-alkyl ester or dialkylcarbonate, such as dimethyl carbonate. An alcohol donor such as forexample dialkyl carbonate can also serve as a source for alkalinity ormild alkalinity of the reaction system.

According to another aspect of the invention there is provided a systemfor the production of fatty acid alkyl esters. Referring to FIG. 22, afirst embodiment of such a system, generally designated with thereference numeral 100, comprises a reactor vessel 120, a pre-reactionpreparation vessel 140, and a product separation vessel 160.

Pre-reaction preparation vessel 140 is configured for receivingfeedstock materials and buffer (and/or water), for forming a suitableemulsion therefrom, and for feeding the prepared emulsion PE (alsoreferred to herein as emulsified feedstock) to the reactor vessel 120.In particular, such feedback materials may include fatty acid FA (forexample waste cooking oil) from a fatty acid source 182, and alcohol AL(for example methanol) from alcohol source 184, and buffer (and/orwater) BU from buffer/water source 186, provided via suitable supplylines 152, 154, 156, respectively, in fluid communication with saidpre-reaction preparation vessel 140 via vessel inlets 172, 174, 176,respectively and suitable valves (not shown).

The pre-reaction preparation vessel 140 defines an internal volume V1 inwhich the reaction mixture, including feedstock materials andbuffer/water, provided therein via vessel inlets 172, 174, 176, aremixed together by means of a suitable stirring system 142, driven by apowered source (not shown), to form emulsion PE. The pre-reactionpreparation vessel 140 comprises an outer jacket 149 through which asuitable work fluid may be circulated to maintain the volume V1 at adesired steady state temperature. For example, the work fluid may be oilor water, heated or cooled in a different vessel (not shown) and pumpedthrough the jacket 149 via suitable inlet and exit ports (not shown). Inalternative variations of this embodiment, pre-reaction preparationvessel 140 may comprise a system of heating and/or cooling elements, forexample electrically powered heating and/or cooling elements, instead ofor in addition to the jacket 149.

Reactor vessel 120 is configured for receiving prepared emulsion PE frompre-reaction preparation vessel 140, for reacting the feedstockmaterials therein in the presence of a suitable biocatalyst BC toproduce reaction products RP, and for feeding the reaction products RPfrom the reaction mixture to the product separation vessel 160. Outletline 148 provides selective fluid communication between pre-reactionpreparation vessel 140 and reactor vessel 120 via suitable valves (notshown) and allows the prepared emulsion PE prepared by the pre-reactionpreparation vessel 140 to be fed to the reactor vessel 120 as desired.

The reaction vessel 120 defines an internal volume V2 in which theprepared emulsion PE in the reaction mixture, provided therein viavessel inlet 122, is reacted, and the reaction mixture may be stirred bymeans of a suitable stirring system 124, driven by a powered source (notshown) to form the reaction products RP. The biocatalyst BC may comprisea suitable enzyme and is provided in the form of immobilized enzymebeads which remain in the reactor vessel 120 until they becomeineffective or are not sufficiently effective, whereupon they may beremoved and replaced with new biocatalyst BC. For example, thebiocatalyst BC may comprise lipase derived from Thermomyces lanuginosusimmobilized on a hydrophobic and porous polystyrene-divinylbenzene-basedresin.

The reactor vessel 120 comprises a thermal regulation system in the formof an outer jacket 129 through which a suitable work fluid may becirculated to maintain the volume V2 at a desired steady statetemperature. For example, the work fluid may be oil or water, heated orcooled in a different vessel (not shown) and pumped through the jacket129 via suitable inlet and exit ports 123. In alternative variations ofthis embodiment, the thermal regulation system comprises a system ofheating and/or cooling elements, for example electrically poweredheating and/or cooling elements, instead of or in addition to the jacket129.

The lower part of the reactor vessel 120 comprises an outlet 127, and asuitable retaining arrangement in the form of filter 125 is providedupstream of the outlet 127 configured for, filtering the reactionmixture, in particular the reaction products RP prior to being removedfrom reactor vessel 120, and for preventing the biocatalyst BC frombeing removed with the reaction products RP.

The product separation vessel 160 is configured for separating out, fromthe reaction products RP, the desired product P (fatty acid alkylester), from by products including excess water and glycerol G. Outletline 147 provides selective fluid communication between productseparation vessel 160 and reactor vessel 120 via suitable valves (notshown) and allows the reaction products RP to be fed to the productseparation vessel 160 from the reactor vessel 120 as desired. In thisembodiment, the product separation vessel 160 comprises a centrifuge orgravity separation system for carrying out the aforesaid separation, andincludes a first outlet 162 for outputting the product P, and a secondoutlet 164 for collecting the excess water and glycerol G. Product P maybe collected via tap 163.

The system can thus be operated in a continuous production mode, inwhich prepared emulsion PE is fed into the reactor vessel 120, and thedesired product P collected in a continuous manner via tap 163. Theemulsion PE can be prepared and delivered in a continuous manner to thereactor vessel 120 to top up the volume of reactant therein at the samerate as the reaction products RP are being removed from outlet 127.Alternatively, emulsion PE can be prepared and delivered in batches tothe reactor vessel 120 to top up the volume of reactant in the reactionmixture at discrete intervals whenever the level of reactants in thereactor vessel 120 drops to a particular minimum level following thecontinuous removal of reaction products RP via outlet 127. Of course, itis also possible to operate the system 100 to provide the desiredproduct P in batches rather than continuously.

Alternatively, the system 100 may be operated in enhanced yield mode,wherein product P is, instead of being immediate collected via tap 163,re-routed to the reactor vessel 120 via an optional rerouting system,including line 165, vessel inlet 121 and valve 166, wherein valve 166may be selectively operated to divert the product P from tap 163. Whenrerouted to reactor vessel 120, the product P may be further reactedtherein with alcohol AL, provided via a separate line (not shown) fromsource 184, from a different alcohol source (not shown), or from source184 via pre-reaction preparation vessel 140, to produce a higher yieldof product P, which again may be separated out from byproducts usingproduct separation vessel 160. When the alcohol is provided viapreparation vessel 140, the latter is first emptied of the preparedemulsion PE, and suitable valves prevent fatty acids FA and optionallybuffer/water being provided by respective sources 182 and 186.

Suitable pumps or gravity feeds and controllable valves may be providedfor selectively transporting the respective materials through therespective lines 152, 154, 156, 148, 147, 165, and a suitable controller(not shown) monitors and controls operation of the system.

In at least some alternative variations of the first embodiment, thepre-reaction preparation vessel 140 may be integral with the reactorvessel 120. For example, the respective internal volumes V1 and V2 maybe separated by a wall having an opening arrangement corresponding tothe line 148. Alternatively, the respective internal volumes V1 and V2may be contiguous, but internal volume V1 is sufficiently spaced fromthe biocatalyst BC to provide sufficient time for the emulsion PE toform before reaching the biocatalyst BC.

In alternative variations of the first embodiment, one, two or all ofthe fatty acid FA, alcohol AL, and buffer/water BU may be provideddirectly to the reactor vessel 120, bypassing the pre-reactionpreparation vessel 140. For example, one or more of the fatty acidsource 182, alcohol source 184, and buffer/water source 186, may be inselective fluid communication directly with reactor vessel 120 viasuitable supply lines (not shown) bypassing the pre-reaction preparationvessel 140.

It is appreciated that all components of the system 100 according to thefirst embodiment, or alternative variations thereof, are of a suitableform and made from suitable materials as known in the art, such as toenable each component to carrying out the respective functions at therespective conditions, including temperature, pressure, pH and so on.

Referring to FIG. 23, a second embodiment of the system, designated withthe reference number 200, comprises all the elements and features of thefirst embodiment, including alternative variations thereof, includingall like-numbered components as in FIG. 22, mutatis mutandis, with somedifferences. For example system 200 also comprises: a reactor vessel120, a pre-reaction preparation vessel 140, a product separation vessel160, fatty acid source 182, alcohol source 184, buffer/water source 186,supply lines 152, 154, 156, vessel inlets 172, 174, 176, stirring system142, outer jacket 149, outlet line 148 vessel inlet 122, stirring system124, biocatalyst BC outer jacket 129, inlet and exit ports 123, outlet127, filter 125, outlet line 147 first outlet 162 second outlet 164; asdisclosed for the first embodiment, mutatis mutandis.

However, in the second embodiment, the line 165, tap 163 and valve 166of the first embodiment are omitted, and instead an auxiliary reactormodule 300 is operatively connected to the first outlet 162 of theproduct separation vessel 160.

Auxiliary reactor module 300 comprises an auxiliary reactor vessel 220and an auxiliary product separation vessel 260, which in this embodimentare respectively substantially similar to reactor vessel 120 and productseparation vessel 160, mutatis mutandis. In operation, the desiredproduct P from product separation vessel 160 is routed to the auxiliaryreactor vessel 220 via line 266, valve 267 and vessel inlet 221. Whenrouted to auxiliary reactor vessel 220, the product P may be furtherreacted therein with alcohol AL, provided via a separate line (notshown) from source 184 or from a different alcohol source (not shown),to produce further reacted products FRP. Line 249 enables the furtherreacted products FRP to be transported to the auxiliary productseparation vessel 260, which then operates to separate a higher yield ofproduct P′ from byproducts.

System 200 may be operated in a similar manner to system 100, mutatismutandis.

Disclosed and described, it is to be understood that this invention isnot limited to the particular examples, process steps, and materialsdisclosed herein as such process steps and materials may vary somewhat.It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is used forthe purpose of describing particular embodiments only and not intendedto be limiting since the scope of the present invention, will be limitedonly by the appended claims and equivalents thereof.

It must be noted that, as used in this specification and the appendedclaims, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” include plural referentsunless the content clearly dictates otherwise,

Throughout this specification and the claims which follow, unless thecontext requires otherwise, the word “comprise”, and variations such as“comprises” and “comprising”, will be understood to imply the inclusionof a stated integer or step or group of integers or steps but not theexclusion of any other integer or step or group of integers or steps.

The following Examples are representative of techniques employed by theinventors in carrying out aspects of the present invention. It should beappreciated that while these techniques are exemplary of preferredembodiments for the practice of the invention, those of skill in theart, in light of the present disclosure, will recognize that numerousmodifications can be made without departing from the intended scope ofthe invention.

EXAMPLES General

All experiments were carried out either in glass tubes of 30 ml involume bottomed with a centered glass filter or in mechanically stirredreactors of 500 ml in volume bottomed with a sintered glass filter ofporosity of 150-250 μm. Typical reaction medium contained fatty acidsource, alcohol, normally, methanol or ethanol in molar basis 1:1 inrelation to the fatty acid regardless free or bound on a glycerolbackbone (for free fatty acids and monoglycerides 1:1, for diglycerides1:2, and for triglycerides 1:3 in favor of the alcohol). The fatty acidsource was premixed with different amounts of alkaline buffer, inspecific embodiments sodium bicarbonate. The reactions were initiated bythe addition of lipase immobilized on a hydrophobic resin (10-15% wt.)and the reaction medium was either shaken mechanically or stirred at 30°C. The alcohol amount was added equally in three steps each one hourapart, unless indicated differently. Reaction conversions were followedby taking samples from the reaction medium at different time intervalsand analyzing fatty acid components. The conversion to biodiesel wascalculated as: 100*peak area of fatty acid alkyl ester/sum of all peaksareas.

Lipase immobilization: Lipases were immobilized following standardprocedures where lipase derived from a certain microorganism issolubilized in buffer solution of 0.1M at a certain pH value, forexample 7.5. An organic or inorganic polymer resin was introduced intothe lipase solution. The mixture was shaken at room temperature for 8hour. Cold acetone was optionally added into the mixture in order toincrease the protein enzyme precipitation on the resin. The mixture wasfiltered and the enzyme beads were dried to reduce the water content toless than 5%.

Different resins were used including hydrophobic polymer resins based onpolystyrene/divinylbenzene, paraffin or any of their combinations, toobtain resins of hydrophobic characteristics. Typical hydrophobic resinsused included Amberlite® XAD 1600 (Rohm & Haas, USA) and Sepabeads® SP70(Resindion, Italy). Typical hydrophilic resins used included Duolite®D568 (Rohm & Haas) and porous silica gel. Lipases may be immobilizedseparately on a resin or different lipases are co-immobilized on thesame resin.

Example 1

The transesterification activity of lipase derived from Thermomyceslanuginosus immobilized on Amberlite® XAD 1600 as a hydrophobic resinand on Duolite® D568 as a hydrophilic resin, and lipase derived fromPseudomonas sp. immobilized on Sepabeads® SP70 as a hydrophobic resinand on porous silica as a hydrophilic resin.

Reaction conditions: Refined and bleached soybean oil (20 g) containing1% wt. of sodium bicarbonate solution of 0.1M. Methanol (2.5 ml) wasadded stepwise in three equivalent batches each one hour apart. Thereaction medium containing 10% wt. lipase preparation was shaken at 300rpm and 30° C. Results are shown in FIG. 1.

The results presented in FIG. 1 show that both the Thermomyceslanuginosus and Pseudomonas sp. lipases immobilized on different resinsin the presence of 1% wt. of sodium bicarbonate solution showed hightransesterification activity during the first 5 cycles using the samebatch of enzyme. It was observed that after the 5th batch, when the samebatch of enzyme was used, the filtration of the reaction medium from thesystem became difficult due to the formation of gel-like deposit aroundthe beads of both lipases immobilized on hydrophilic resins, namelyDuolite® D568 and porous silica. The interesterification activity ofboth lipases immobilized on hydrophilic resins decreased sharply infurther consecutive batches, and they became inactive after the 10thcycle. In contrast, Pseudomonas sp. lipase immobilized on thehydrophobic resin, Sepabeads® SP70, retained more than 80% of itsinitial activity after 70 cycles, while Thermomyces lanuginosus lipaseimmobilized on the hydrophobic resin, Amberlite® XAD1600, retained morethan 20% of its initial activity after more than 70 cycles.

Example 2

A. The conversion of soybean oil to biodiesel and glycerol after 6 hoursof reaction using the same batch of biocatalyst in multiple batchexperiments.

Reaction conditions: Refined and bleached soybean oil (20 g) containingdifferent concentrations of sodium bicarbonate solution of 0.1M.Methanol (2.5 ml) was added stepwise in three equivalent batches eachone hour apart. Lipase derived from Thermomyces lanuginosus immobilizedon a hydrophobic and porous polystyrene-divinylbenzene-based resin, wasused (10% wt.). The reaction medium was shaken at 300 rpm and 30° C.Results are shown in FIG. 2.

B. The conversion of soybean oil to biodiesel and glycerol after 6 hoursof reaction using the same batch of biocatalyst in multiple batchexperiments.

Reaction conditions: Refined and bleached soybean oil (20 g) containingdifferent concentrations of sodium bicarbonate solution of 0.1M.Methanol (2.5 ml) was added stepwise in three equivalent batches eachone hour apart. Lipase derived from Pseudomonas sp. immobilized on ahydrophobic and porous polystyrene-divinylbenzene-based resin, was used(10% wt.). The reaction medium was shaken at 300 rpm and 30° C. Resultsare shown in FIG. 3.

FIGS. 2 and 3 show that the amount of sodium carbonate in the reactionmedium has a major role on the operational life of Thermomyceslanuginosus and Pseudomonas sp. lipases immobilized on hydrophobicresins. It can be seen in FIGS. 2 and 3 that in the absence of analkaline solution both immobilized lipases drastically lose theiractivity after a few cycles, while the same immobilized lipases maintaintheir transesterification activity over multiple uses in the presence ofsodium bicarbonate solution as a base in the reaction system. Theresults for both immobilized enzymes show that increasing the amount ofsodium bicarbonate solution in the reaction medium in the range of 0-4%wt. results in decreasing the loss of enzyme activity in multiple usesof the same batch of immobilized enzyme.

Example 3

A. The conversion of soybean oil to biodiesel and glycerol after 6 hoursof reaction using the same batch of biocatalyst in multiple batchexperiments.

Reaction conditions: Refined and bleached soybean oil (20 g) containingdifferent concentrations of distilled water. Methanol (2.5 ml) was addedstepwise in three equivalent batches each one hour apart. Lipase derivedfrom Thermomyces lanuginosus immobilized on a hydrophobic and porouspolystyrene-divinylbenzene-based resin was used (10% wt.). The reactionmedium was shaken at 300 rpm and 30° C. Results are shown in FIG. 4.

B. The conversion of soybean oil to biodiesel and glycerol after 6 hoursof reaction using the same batch of biocatalyst in multiple batchexperiments.

Reaction conditions: Refined and bleached soybean oil (20 g) containingdifferent concentrations of distilled water. Methanol (2.5 ml) was addedstepwise in three equivalent batches each one hour apart. Lipase derivedfrom Pseudomonas sp. immobilized on a hydrophobic and porouspolystyrene-divinylbenzene-based resin, was used (10% wt.). The reactionmedium was shaken at 300 rpm. and 30° C. Results are shown in FIG. 5.

FIGS. 4 and 5 show that the transesterification activity using the samebatch of lipases Thermomyces lanuginosus and Pseudomonas sp. immobilizedon hydrophobic resins in multiple experiments is also affected by theamount of water in the reaction system. It can be seen that increasingthe water amount from none (zero) to 4% wt. resulted in maintaininghigher residual transesterification activity of biocatalyst when used inconsecutive cycles. The results presented in FIGS. 2 to 5 evidently showthat using mild base, such as sodium bicarbonate solution in thetransesterification reactions is favored for maintaining the activity oflipases immobilized on hydrophobic resins when used in consecutivecycles.

Example 4

The conversion of a mixture of free fatty acids (FFA's) and soybean oilto biodiesel, and glycerol and water by-products after 4 hours ofesterification/transesterification using the same batch of biocatalystin multiple batch experiments.

Reaction conditions: A mixture of free fatty acids soybean hydrolysate(50% wt.) and soybean oil (50% wt.) of initial FFA value 72 mg KOH/1 gcontaining different amount of sodium bicarbonate solution of 0.1M.Methanol (4.5 ml) was added stepwise in three equivalent batches eachone hour apart. Lipase derived from Pseudomonas sp. immobilized on ahydrophobic and porous polystyrene-divinylbenzene-based resin, was used(20% wt.). The reaction medium was shaken at 300 rpm and 30° C. Resultsare shown in FIG. 6.

FIG. 6 shows that different amount of base solution has a major effecton the simultaneous esterification reaction of FFA present in thereaction mixture comprised of equivalent proportions of soybean oilhydrolysate and soybean oil triglycerides. It can be seen thatPseudomonas sp. lipase immobilized on a hydrophobic resin lost itsesterification activity when no alkaline solution was added into theesterification/transesterification reaction system, while the samebiocatalyst has maintained its activity in consecutive cycles when 1 and2% wt. of sodium bicarbonate solutions of 0.1 M were added separatelyinto the reaction systems. The results presented in FIG. 6 show that theuse of Pseudomonas sp. lipase immobilized on a hydrophobic resin reducedthe FFA content in the presence of 1% and 2% wt. of sodium bicarbonatesolution of 0.1M from initial value of 72 mg KOH/1 g down to 8 and 6 mgKOH/1 g in average, respectively, and maintained this activity in 22subsequent cycles.

Example 5

The esterification of soybean oil hydrolysate to biodiesel and waterafter 4 hours of reaction using the same batch of biocatalyst inmultiple batch experiments.

Reaction conditions: Free fatty acids soybean hydrolysate (20 g) of FFAvalue of 150 mg KOH/1 g containing 1% wt. sodium bicarbonate solution of0.1M. Methanol (2 ml) was added into the reaction medium in one batch.Lipase derived from Pseudomonas sp. immobilized on a hydrophobic andporous polystyrene-divinylbenzene-based resin, was used (10% wt.). Thereaction medium was shaken at 300 rpm and 30° C. Results are shown inFIG. 7.

FIG. 7 shows that Pseudomonas sp. lipase immobilized on a hydrophobicresin is also capable of catalyzing the esterification of free fattyacids to form fatty acid methyl esters and water by-product. The resultsshow that the lipase preparation maintained itsesterification/transesterification activity in a medium containing 1%sodium bicarbonate solution of 0.1M over more than 25 cycles using thesame batch of biocatalyst without the observation of any significantloss of activity.

Example 6

The transesterification of fish oil with ethanol after 6 hours ofreaction using the same batch of biocatalyst in multiple batchexperiments.

Reaction conditions: Refined fish oil (20 g) containing 1% sodiumbicarbonate solution of 0.1 M. Ethanol (2.5 ml) was added stepwise inthree equivalent batches each one hour apart. Lipases derived fromThermomyces lanuginosus and Pseudomonas sp. immobilized on Amberlite®XAD 1600, were used separately (10% wt.). The reaction medium was shakenat 300 rpm and 30° C. Results are shown in FIG. 8.

FIG. 8 shows that both lipases derived from Thermomyces lanuginosus andPseudomonas sp. immobilized on hydrophobic resins are also capable ofcatalyzing the transesterification of fish oil triglycerides withethanol to form fatty acid ethyl esters and glycerol by-product. Theresults also show that both biocatalyst preparations maintained theirtransesterification activity in the presence of 1% sodium bicarbonatesolution without significant activity losses over more than 20 cyclesusing the same batch of biocatalyst.

Example 7

The transesterification of Tallow fat with ethanol after 6 hours ofreaction using the same batch of biocatalyst in multiple batchexperiments.

Reaction conditions: Tallow fat (16 g) containing fatty acid ethyl esterof tallow fat (4 g) and 1% potassium carbonate solution of 1M. Ethanol(2.5 ml) was added stepwise in three equivalent batches each one hourapart. Lipases derived from Thermomyces lanuginosus, Pseudomonas sp.immobilized on Amberlite® XAD 1600 (10% wt.) were used separately or incombination at an equivalent ratio. The reaction medium was shaken at300 rpm and 37° C. Results are shown in FIG. 9.

FIG. 9 shows that both lipases derived from Thermomyces lanuginosus andPseudomonas sp. separately or in combination immobilized on hydrophobicresins are also capable of catalyzing the transesterification of tallowfat triglycerides with ethanol to form fatty acid ethyl esters andglycerol by-product. The feedstock of the reaction medium was comprisedof tallow fat (80%) and fatty acid ethyl esters derived from tallow fatin order to lower the melting point of the reaction medium. The resultspresented in FIG. 9 show that all biocatalysts retained more than 80% oftheir initial activity in the presence of mild alkaline solution, suchas potassium carbonate of 1M, when the same batch of biocatalysts wereused in 100 consecutive cycles.

Example 8

The treatment of the transesterification/esterification reaction mediumobtained after 4 hours containing FFA value of 7 mg KOH/1 g usingPseudomonas sp. lipase or Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase immobilized onhydrophobic porous resins with Candida Antarctica B lipase immobilizedon a hydrophobic porous resin and methanol (ratio of 1:10 on molar basicbetween FFA and methanol, respectively) using the same batch ofbiocatalyst (10% wt.) in multiple batch experiments. The reaction mediumwas shaken at 300 rpm and 30° C. Results are shown in FIG. 10.

FIG. 10 shows that the transesterification reaction medium obtainedafter treatment either with Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase orPseudomonas sp. lipase as described above, which typically contain FFAsvalues of 3-7 mg KOH/1 g, can be treated with Candida antarctica Blipase immobilized on either hydrophilic or hydrophobic support, resultsin reducing the FFA value down to less than 2 mg KOH/1 g. Theimmobilized lipase can maintain its activity in more than 100 cycles.

Example 9

The transesterification/esterification activity of lipases derived fromAlcaligenes sp. (AL), Pseudomonas sp. (PS) and Thermomyces lanuginosus(TL) immobilized on DVB-PS as a hydrophobic resin and on Duolite® D568as a hydrophilic ion exchange resin, and granulated porous silica ashydrophilic enzyme adsorbent.

Reaction conditions: Refined and bleached soybean oil (20 g) containing2% wt. of sodium bicarbonate solution of 0.1M. Methanol (2.5 ml) wasadded stepwise in three equivalent batches each one hour apart, unlessstated, otherwise added in one step. The reaction medium containing 10%wt lipase preparation was shaken at 300 rpm and 30° C. Results are shownin FIGS. 10-13.

The results presented in FIGS. 10-13 show that when Alcaligenes sp.,Pseudomonas sp. and Thermomyces lanuginosus lipases were immobilized onhydrophilic resins high conversions were obtained during the first fewcycles however the enzyme activity dropped sharply to reach lowconversions after 10 cycles using the same bath of biocatalyst. It wasalso observed that after the fifth batch, when the same batch of enzymewas used, the filtration of the reaction medium from the system becamedifficult due to the formation of gel-like deposit around the beads ofboth lipases immobilized on hydrophilic resins, namely weak ion exchangeresin and porous silica.

In contrast, Alcaligenes sp., Pseudomonas sp. and Thermomyceslanuginosus lipases immobilized on DVB-PS hydrophobic resins, allretained more than 80% of their initial activity after 50 cycles. FIGS.10-13 show that all lipases showed high activity in the first batch andslightly decreased after the second batch most probably due to wash outof any loosely bound enzyme on the resin.

Example 10

A. The conversion of soybean oil to biodiesel and glycerol after 6 hoursof reaction using the same batch of biocatalyst in multiple batchexperiments.

Reaction conditions: Refined and bleached soybean oil (20 g) containingdifferent concentrations of sodium bicarbonate solution of 0.1M.Methanol (2.5 ml) was added in one step. Lipase derived from Thermomyceslanuginosus immobilized on a hydrophobic and porouspolystyrene-divinylbenzene-based resin, was used (10% wt.). The reactionmedium was shaken at 300 rpm and 30° C. Results are shown in FIG. 14.

B. The conversion of soybean oil to biodiesel and glycerol after 6 hoursof reaction using the same batch of biocatalyst in multiple batchexperiments.

Reaction conditions: Refined and bleached soybean oil (20 g) containingdifferent concentrations of sodium bicarbonate solution of 0.1M.Methanol (2.5 ml) was added in one step. Lipase derived from Pseudomonassp. immobilized on a hydrophobic and porouspolystyrene-divinylbenzene-based resin, was used (10% wt.). The reactionmedium was shaken at 300 rpm and 30° C. Results are shown in FIG. 15.

FIGS. 14 and 15 show that the amount of sodium bicarbonate in thereaction medium has a major role on the operational life of lipasesThermomyces lanuginosus and Pseudomonas sp. immobilized on hydrophobicresins. It can be seen in FIGS. 4 and 5 that in the absence of a mildalkaline solution both immobilized lipases drastically lost theiractivity after a few cycles, while the same immobilized lipasesmaintained their transesterification activity over multiple uses in thepresence of sodium bicarbonate solution as a base in the reactionsystem. The results for both immobilized enzymes show that increasingthe amount of sodium bicarbonate solution in the reaction medium in therange of 0-30% wt. results in increased enzyme transesterificationactivity in multiple uses of the same batch of immobilized enzyme.Increasing the amount of sodium bicarbonate solution to more than 30%wt. led to decreasing the enzyme activity. Without being bound bytheory, this decrease may probably be attributed to washing out of theenzyme from the resin.

Example 11

The conversion of soybean oil to biodiesel and glycerol after 6 hours ofreaction using the same batch of biocatalyst in multiple batchexperiments.

Reaction conditions: Refined and bleached soybean oil (20 g) containingdifferent concentrations of distilled water. Methanol (2.5 ml) was addedin one step. Lipase derived from Thermomyces lanuginosus immobilized ona hydrophobic and porous polystyrene-divinylbenzene-based resin, wasused (10% wt.). The reaction medium was shaken at 300 rpm and 30° C.Results are shown in FIG. 16.

FIG. 16 shows that the amount of water in the reaction medium also has amajor role on the operational life of Thermomyces lanuginosus lipaseimmobilized on hydrophobic resins. It can be seen in FIG. 16 that in theabsence of water the immobilized lipase drastically loses its activityafter a few cycles, while the same immobilized lipase maintains itstransesterification activity over multiple uses in the presence of waterin the reaction system. The results for the immobilized enzyme show thatincreasing the amount of water in the reaction medium in the range of0-30% wt. results in increased enzyme transesterification activity inmultiple uses of the same batch of immobilized enzyme, while increasingthe amount of water above 30% wt. led to decreasing the enzyme activity.

Example 12

The conversion of oleic acid to biodiesel and water after 6 hours ofreaction using the same batch of biocatalyst in multiple batchexperiments.

Reaction conditions: Oleic acid (20 g) containing differentconcentrations of sodium bicarbonate solution of 0.1M. Methanol (2.5 ml)was added in one step. Lipase derived from Thermomyces lanuginosusimmobilized on a hydrophobic and porous polystyrene-divinylbenzene-basedresin, was used (10% wt.). The reaction medium was shaken at 300 rpm and30° C. Results are shown in FIG. 17.

FIG. 17 shows that the concentration of sodium bicarbonate solution inthe reaction medium has major role in determining the esterificationactivity of Thermomyces lanuginosus immobilized on a hydrophobic andporous polystyrene-divinylbenzene-based resin. It can be seen in FIG. 17that in the absence of water in the reaction system the lipaseimmobilized on hydrophobic resin lost its activity sharply when used inmultiple batch experiments. Increasing the concentration of sodiumbicarbonate solution in the range of 0-20% wt. resulted in increasingthe esterification activity of the biocatalyst in multiple uses.Increasing the aqueous phase amount above 30% wt resulted in loss ofenzyme activity in multiple uses, most likely due to wash out of theenzyme from the resin.

Example 13

The conversion of mixtures of oleic acid and soybean oil triglyceridesto biodiesel, glycerol and water after 6 hours of reaction using thesame batch of biocatalyst in multiple batch experiments.

Reaction conditions: Refined and bleached soybean oil containingdifferent concentrations of oleic acid (20 g) was supplemented with 8%wt. of sodium bicarbonate solution of 0.1M. Methanol (2.5 ml) was addedin one step. Lipase derived from Thermomyces lanuginosus immobilized ona hydrophobic and porous polystyrene-divinylbenzene-based resin, wasused (10% wt.). The reaction medium was shaken at 300 rpm and 30° C.Results are shown in FIG. 18.

FIG. 18 show that Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase immobilized on ahydrophobic and porous lipase resin and in the presence of buffersolution is capable to esterify and transesterify free fatty acids, andglycerides to form biodiesel and by-products glycerol and water. Theresults also show that the immobilized lipases maintain their catalyticactivity with no significant activity losses in multiple uses of thesame batch of biocatalyst for 50 cycles.

Example 14

The conversion of crude oils containing phospholipids to biodiesel andglycerol after 6 hours of reaction using the same batch of biocatalystin multiple batch experiments.

Reaction conditions: Crude soybean oil containing differentconcentrations of phospholipids (20 g) was supplemented with 8% wt, ofsodium bicarbonate solution of 0.1M. Methanol (2.5 ml) was added in onestep. Lipase derived from Thermomyces lanuginosus immobilized on ahydrophobic and porous polystyrene-divinylbenzene-based resin, was used(10% wt.). The reaction medium was shaken at 300 rpm and 30° C. Resultsare shown in FIG. 19.

FIG. 19 shows the transesterification activity of Thermomyceslanuginosus lipase immobilized on a hydrophobic and porousdivinylbenzene-polystyrene resin. Analysis results show in contrast toprevious literature reports that lipases immobilized on hydrophobicresins in the presence of sodium bicarbonate solution are capable oftransesterifying of glycerides including phospholipids to yieldbiodiesel, and the by-products glycerol and glycerophospholipids. Also,the results show that lipases maintain their transesterificationcatalytic activity when the same batch of immobilized enzyme is used inmultiple uses.

Example 15

The conversion of soybean oil to biodiesel and glycerol using the samebatch of biocatalyst (Thermomyces lanuginosus (TL) immobilized on aDVB-PS support) in multiple batch experiments at different pH values forsodium bicarbonate solution of 0.1M.

Reaction conditions: Refined and bleached soybean oil (20 g) containing8% wt of sodium bicarbonate solution of 0.1M at different pH values.Methanol (2.5 ml) was added in one step. Lipase derived from Thermomyceslanuginosus immobilized on a hydrophobic and porouspolystyrene-divinylbenzene-based resin, was used (10% wt.). The reactionmedium was shaken at 300 rpm and 30° C. Results are shown in FIG. 20.

The conversion of soybean oil to biodiesel and glycerol using the samebatch of biocatalyst (Thermomyces lanuginosus (TL) immobilized on aDVB-PS support) in multiple batch experiments at different pH values forsodium acetate solution of 0.1M.

Reaction conditions: Refined and bleached soybean oil (20 g) containing8% wt of sodium acetate solution of 0.1M at different pH values Methanol(2.5 ml) was added in one step. Lipase derived from Thermomyceslanuginosus immobilized on a hydrophobic and porouspolystyrene-divinylbenzene-based resin, was used (10% wt.). The reactionmedium was shaken at 300 rpm and 30° C. Results are shown in FIG. 21.

The results presented in FIG. 20 show that at pH values of above 5.5 thebiocatalyst has retained more than 60% of its initialtransesterification activity after 50 cycles using the same batch ofenzyme. The results show clearly that there was linear decrease inenzyme activity at pH value of 5.5 and the enzyme activity reached below20% of the initial enzyme activity.

Similar trend has been observed when buffer acetate was used at pHvalues of above 6.5 where the enzyme has retained more than 50% of itsinitial activity after 50 repeated use (FIG. 21). The results presentedin FIG. 21 show also that when sodium acetate solution of pH 5.5 wasused the enzyme activity was low however maintained constant after 50cycles of repeated use.

Example 16

Transesterification/esterification of waste-cooking oil containing 10%FFA with methanol to form biodiesel, water and glycerol using the firstembodiment of the system illustrated in FIG. 22.

Reaction conditions: Waste-cooking oil (1100 g) containing 2% of sodiumbicarbonate solution of 0.1M and methanol (140 g) were first premixed inpre-reaction preparation vessel 140 to form an emulsion, which was thenintroduced to the reactor vessel 120 having an internal volume V2 ofabout 2 liters. The reaction mixture was mixed in the reactor vessel 120with a lipase derived from Thermomyces lanuginosus immobilized on ahydrophobic and porous polystyrene-divinylbenzene-based resin (30% wt ofthe oil) for 6 hours at 30° C. The reaction mixture was filtered offthrough the filter 125 and fed to product separation vessel 160.Glycerol and excess of water were removed from the reaction mixture inthe product separation vessel 160. The upper phase containing of thefatty acid methyl esters and the unreacted glycerides were re-introducedto the reactor vessel 120 via rerouting line 165, and stirring in thereactor vessel 120 was resumed after the addition of methanol (110 g) into the reaction medium in the reactor vessel 120. The conversion tomethyl ester after 2 hours was 98%. An emulsified reaction medium(prepared emulsion) containing waste-cooking oil (83% wt), methanol(15%) and sodium bicarbonate solution of 0.1M (2%) was continuously fedinto the reactor vessel 120 at a flow rate of about 30 ml/min. Theconversion to fatty acid methyl esters was maintained to more than 3months without significant activity losses when using the same batch ofbiocatalyst derived from Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase immobilized on amacroporous hydrophobic resin.

1-21. (canceled)
 22. A process for simultaneous and/or sequentialenzymatic transesterification and esterification of a fatty acid sourcewith a C₁₋₆ alkyl alcohol, to form fatty acid C₁₋₆ alkyl esters, theprocess comprising the steps of: (1) providing a fatty acid source in areaction vessel, wherein said fatty acid source comprises mono-, di- ortri-glycerides and their mixtures at any ratio, in the absence orpresence of free fatty acids or their derivatives; (2) adding to saidfatty acid source provided in step (1) at least one of an aqueousalkaline buffer solution and water, in an amount of at least 2% wt. ofthe fatty acid source, to give a mixture of said fatty acid source andat least one of an aqueous alkaline buffer solution or water; (3) addingto said mixture of fatty acid source and said at least one of aqueousalkaline buffer solution and water obtained in step (2) an immobilizedlipase preparation, wherein the immobilized lipase preparation comprisesat least one lipase immobilized on a hydrophobic porous polymericsupport selected from the group consisting of a hydrophobic aliphaticpolymer-based support, a hydrophobic acrylic polymer-based support, ahydrophobic aromatic polymer-based support; (4) stepwise adding to themixture obtained in step (3) a C₁₋₆ alkyl alcohol or alcohol donorwhilst mixing to give a reaction medium comprising said fatty acidsource, immobilized enzyme, at least one of aqueous alkaline buffersolution and water and C₁₋₆ alkyl alcohol, wherein the reaction mediumhas a pH from about 4 to about 10; (5) allowing the reaction betweensaid fatty acid source and said alcohol or alcohol donor to proceed insaid vessel under stirring and/or shaking until conversion of the fattyacid acyl groups or free fatty acids comprised in said fatty acid sourceto fatty acid C₁₋₆ alkyl esters has reached at least 70%, to give fattyacid C₁₋₆ alkyl esters, glycerol and, respectively, water; (6) filteringoff the reaction medium; and (7) separating the filtered reaction mediumobtained in step (6) by phase separation and collecting an upper phasecomprising fatty acid C₁₋₆ alkyl esters product and any unreactedresidual fatty acid source, wherein said immobilized lipase preparationretains at least 80% of its activity for at least 20 production cycles.23. The process of claim 22, wherein said at least one of aqueousalkaline buffer solution or water is added to the said reaction vesselin an amount of from 2% wt. to 30% wt. of the fatty acid source.
 24. Theprocess of claim 22, wherein said aqueous alkaline buffer solution is asolution of an inorganic alkaline salt or an organic base.
 25. Theprocess of claim 22, wherein said alcohol donor is a mono-alkyl ester ora di-alkyl carbonate, or mixture thereof.
 26. The process of claim 22,wherein said fatty acid derivatives are phospholipids, wax esters orsterol esters.
 27. The process of claim 22, wherein said at least onelipase is a lipase derived from any one of Rhizomucor miehei,Pseudomonas sp., Rhizopus niveus, Mucor javanicus, Rhizopus oryzae,Aspergillus niger, Penicillium camembertii, Alcaligenes sp.,Acromobacter sp., Burkholderia sp., Thermomyces lanuginosus,Chromobacterium viscosum, Candida antarctica B, Candida rugosa, Candidaantarctica A, papaya seeds and pancreatin.
 28. The process of claim 22,wherein said immobilized lipase is capable of separately,simultaneously, or sequentially catalyzing esterification of free fattyacids to yield fatty acid alkyl esters and water, andtransesterification of triglycerides and partial glycerides to yieldfatty acid alkyl esters and glycerol.
 29. The process of claim 22,wherein said immobilized lipase preparation comprises at least twolipases which may be each separately immobilized on a hydrophobicsupport or said at least two lipases are co-immobilized on the samehydrophobic support, wherein said lipases each possess identical ordifferent regio-specificity.
 30. The process of claim 29, wherein saidlipases are capable of separately, simultaneously or consecutivelycatalyzing esterification of free fatty acids to yield fatty acid alkylesters and water, and transesterification of triglycerides and partialglycerides to yield fatty acid alkyl esters and glycerol.
 31. Theprocess of claim 22, wherein said fatty acid source is any one of plantoil, animal fat, algal oil, fish oil, waste oil and any mixturesthereof.
 32. The process of claim 22, wherein said alcohol is methanoland said fatty acid C₁₋₆ alkyl esters are fatty acid methyl esters(FAME—Biodiesel).
 33. The process of claim 22, wherein saidtransesterification and esterification are carried out in stirred-tankreactors or in packed-bed column reactors operating in batch orcontinuous modes.
 34. The process of claim 22, wherein the water is anyone of tap water, sea water or water from any other natural waterresource or reservoir, desalinated water, chemically or enzymaticallypurified or treated water.
 35. A process for simultaneous and/orsequential enzymatic transesterification and esterification of a fattyacid source with a C₁₋₆ alkyl alcohol, to form fatty acid C₁₋₆ alkylesters, the process comprising reacting in a reaction vessel a fattyacid source with a C₁₋₆ alkyl alcohol or alcohol donor, said reactionvessel also containing an immobilized lipase preparation, wherein theimmobilized lipase preparation comprises at least one lipase immobilizedon a hydrophobic porous polymeric support, wherein at least one ofaqueous alkaline buffer solution or water is added to the reactionvessel in an amount of from 2% wt. to 30% wt. of the fatty acid source.36. The process of claim 35, wherein said fatty acid source, said alkylalcohol or alcohol donor and said at least one of alkaline buffersolution or water form a reaction medium containing said immobilizedlipase preparation, wherein said reaction medium has a pH from about 4to about
 10. 37. The process of claim 35, wherein said immobilizedlipase preparation retains at least 80% of its activity for at least 20reaction cycles.
 38. The process of claim 36, wherein said immobilizedlipase preparation retains at least 80% of its activity for at least 20reaction cycles.
 39. The process of claim 35, wherein said fatty acidsource comprises mono-, di- or tri-glycerides and their mixtures at anyratio, in the absence or presence of free fatty acids or theirderivatives.